Slice
Extract a portion of a list/string using [start:stop:step].
Negative Index
Count from the end: -1 is last item, -2 is second-to-last.
max() / min()
Built-in functions returning the largest/smallest value.
Tuple
Immutable sequence using parentheses: (1, 2, 3).
Unpacking
Assign tuple elements to variables: a, b = (1, 2).
sorted()
Returns a new sorted list. Use key= for custom sorting.
key function
A function that returns the value to sort by.
zip()
Pairs elements from multiple iterables together.
dict.get()
Access a dictionary value by key, with optional default.
statistics.mean()
Calculate the average of a list of numbers.
random.seed()
Set a seed for reproducible random numbers.
math.ceil() / floor()
Round up to ceiling or down to floor.
